A question about the modal verbs "will" and "would" from Student K.
“我是Charlotte 你的學生
睇新聞睇到呢一句「every time a Hong Kong Athlete won a gold, Silver, bronze , citizens regardless of social strata or colours cheered in unison」
個意思就係 每當香港嘅運動員贏到金牌銀牌或銅,不論社會階層嘅市民 或者任何顏色都會歡呼」
但係響句構上 明明冇conjunction,呢兩句都可以痴埋,可唔可以解釋吓? Thanks.”
Dear R.,
這個句子的結構是這樣的:
[ Every time [ (that/when) a Hong Kong athlete won a gold, silver, or bronze, ] citizens regardless of social strata or colors cheered in unison. ]
這是一個有兩個完整clause結合成的長句子。
它的兩個clause並不是由連接clause的conjunction 連接,而是,它有一個embedded clause修飾句子中的時間副詞組「every time」。
首先說說「every time」這副詞。在課程中,它是L6.2解釋的所謂「special time adverb」,即樣子跟名詞組「every time」無異的時間副詞。即是,雖然「every time」樣子似名詞組,但它是可以作為副詞組的,並不用加入preposition。例如,”I saw him every time“ 就是「我每一次都見到佢」的意思,「every time」是修飾整個子句「I saw him」的副詞組。
所以,要將你的句子拆解,可以先拿走修飾「every time」這副詞組的 embedded clause [ (that/when) a HK athlete won gold, silver or bronze ]:
[ Every time, citizens regardless of social strata or colors cheered in unison. ]
(「每一次,不論…..」)
這就可以很簡單看到外層子句的結構。拿走了修飾「every time」的embedded clause, 這是只有一個子句的句子,跟「Every time, I saw him」無異,只是它的subject 有prepositional phrase 形容詞「regardless of social or colours」。整個「citizens regardless of social or colors」是一個名詞組,是這個子句的subject,核心名詞是「citizens」。finite verb是「cheered」。
那麼,現在看看你不明白的embedded clause。
這個embedded clause [ (that/when) a HK athlete won gold, silver or bronze ] 是修飾「every time」的。
分析這個修飾「every time」的embedded clause,有兩個分析方法。
第一,是分析它成relative clause,即2.5 / 6.6 中解釋的,形容名詞的完整子句修飾語,像 I bought a bag that is red. 的「that is red」是修飾「a bag」的relative clause。
分析這子句成relative clause,會是 every time [ WHEN a HK athlete won gold, silver or bronze ]。這個「when」是所謂的「relative adverb」(關係副詞),課程中會有更詳盡的解釋。
但簡單地說,relative adverb 跟relative pronoun (關係代名詞)不同,因為它在relative clause中不是代替那個被修飾的名詞,扮演名詞文法角色,如 a bag [ that is red ] 的relative pronoun “that” (= “a bag”,在這relative clause中是subject) 。
像「when」的relative adverb,是代替被修飾的名詞, 但會在relative clause中變它成「包含這名詞的副詞」,例如:
That was the time [ WHEN I fell. ]
的relative clause [ when I fell ] 是修飾「the time」的,意思是「我跌倒的(時侯)」。
在這relative clause中,「when」代替的,是「AT THE TIME」這個副詞組,不只是「the time」。所以,要把relative clause [ when I fell ] 寫成普通句,會是 AT THE TIME I fell。
比較一下:
This is the bag [ that I bought. ]
“that” = relative PRONOUN
relative clause 寫成普通句:I bought THE BAG.
That was the time [ when I fell. ]
“when” = relative ADVERB
relative clause寫成普通句:AT THE TIME I fell.
但相同的是,[ that I bought ] 和 [ when I fell ] 在這裡都是relative clause,都是在句子修飾它例修飾的名詞的,即分別「the bag」和「the time」。
所以,回到你的句子,可分析成 “Every time [ WHEN a HK athlete won… ]”,即 [ when…] 是修飾「every time」的relative clause修飾語,是由relative adverb “when” 引出的。relative adverb 「when」是可以省略的,所以,句子是 “every time (when) a HK athlete won…” 。
把它放回整個句子:
[ Every time [ (when) a Hong Kong athlete won a gold, silver, or bronze, ] citizens regardless of social strata or colors cheered in unison. ]
這個relative clause是修飾「every time」的,即是說,”every time [ a HK athlete on a gold, silver, or bronze” 都是一整個副詞組。
在外層子句中,是「every time」還是「every time a HK athlete won a gold, silver, or bronze」是沒有分別的,因為都是一個副詞組而已。只是,後者加入一個relative clause修飾語去修飾「every time」。就像「I bought a bag」和「I bought a bag that is red」,在本質上是沒有結構分別,因為後者只是加入了一個修飾「a bag」的形容詞,兩個都是「I bought _____.」。這裡也是,只要想成「 (time adverb) Citizens regardless of social strata or colors cheered in unison.」便可。
剛說的 [ a HK athlete won a gold, silver, or bronze ] 第二個分析方法,是當它不是relative clause,而是 L2.4 中解釋的 “that”-ebmedded clause。
在一些情況,某些名詞是可以引出「that-embedded clause」去擴充它的意思的,可以這樣做的名詞,多數是可以「被擴充解釋」的,例如「the idea」,「the fact」,「the explanation」之類:
[ The fact [ that he came ] makes me happy. ]
這裡,「that he came」並不是relative clause,因為「that」不是代替“the fact” 的relative pronoun (因為還原成普通句不會是:He came THE FACT*.)這裡的embedded clause是為「the fact」加入多點「擴充解釋」的「that-embedded clause」。整個 “the fact [ that he came ]” 是這裡外層子句的subject。
你句子中的embedded clause也可以分析成這種,因為”every time”也符合「可以被擴充意思」的詞組,即可加入「每一次甚麼的時侯」的意思。
所以,也可分析成 every time [ THAT a HK athlete won…] 。”that”-embedded clause的“that”也是可以省略的。
這裡剛好兩種分析方法都可以,但是兩種都是一樣意思,都是修飾「every time」的,都是加入「香港運動員贏獎牌的」這修飾語意思到「every time」。
[ Every time, citizens regardless of social strata or colors cheered in unison. ]
[ Every time [ (that / when) a Hong Kong athlete won a gold, silver, or bronze, ] citizens regardless of social strata or colors cheered in unison. ]
「every time」這副詞組是經常會這樣用embedded clause加以修飾的,例如:
[ Every time [ I saw him ] , I wanted to leave. ]
[ I order a latte every time [ I am at this cafe. ] ]
Ms. Charlotte